Mind vs. Machine: Can AI Ever Win the Philosophy Game?
Welcome to the fourth chapter of the series, Navigating the AI Landscape: A Journey of Innovation and Emotion. In eight installments, we explore the profound implications of artificial intelligence (AI) for our lives and the world.
From our initial fascination with ChatGPT to philosophical musings and creative collaborations, this series peels back the layers of AI, blending transformative experiences with groundbreaking research. Join us as we navigate the intricate dance between innovation and emotion, uncovering how AI reshapes our existence and forges a future of human-AI synergy.
Each part offers a unique perspective, inviting you to envision a world where AI enhances, challenges, and redefines the human experience.
We arrive at a pivotal chapter: Mind vs. Machine: Can AI Ever Win the Philosophy Game? This installment dives into the debate as old as AI itself. Here, we challenge the boundaries between human intellect and artificial capabilities, focusing on the philosophical arena where reasoning, emotion, awareness, and creativity intersect. Join us as we examine whether AI can truly replicate or surpass the depths of human intellectual thought. This question tests the limits of technology and touches the essence of our humanity.
Fear of the Unknown: Navigating AI's Intangible Anxieties
The photo depicts a man in a contemplative state, his gaze directed away from the camera, lost in thought. His hand gently supports his chin as he ponders over intricate matters, possibly reflecting the complex emotions and queries AI brings forth in the human psyche. — Artwork by Pierre Guité with Mid-journey AI's assistance.
The AI revolution unfolds a complex web of emotions, with fear of the unknown casting a long shadow over the promise of technological advancement. It's about the more profound existential queries that AI prompts within us.
Moreover, AI's portrayal in media as an evil force exacerbates these fears, amplifying concerns over its potential to usurp human control and outsmart its creators.
To address these fears, we must look beyond surface anxieties to engage in a more nuanced dialogue about AI's role in our future. Such a conversation necessitates a deep dive into AI's capabilities and limitations, emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations and transparency. To achieve this, we need curiosity, knowledge, and culture. All voices from different fields, cultures and experiences should join the conversation. Letting the tech experts create the programs alone would be a huge mistake.
An illustrative moment in this discourse was the philosophical challenge between Raphael Enthoven, a French philosopher, and ChatGPT. Tasked with writing an essay on "Is happiness a matter of reason?" t both participants' outputs were evaluated under identical conditions. While ChatGPT demonstrated competence in structuring sentences, Enthoven's essay resonated more profoundly and was praised for its depth, coherence, and engaging argumentation.
More than mere competition, this event underscored AI's current limitations in replicating the nuanced thought and emotional depth characteristic of the human intellect, as Enthoven likes to remind us of the uniquely human capability to do 'un pas de côté'. This side step allows us to capture the unseen and think outside the conventional boundaries. (1)
“Happiness is not an ideal of reason, but of imagination.”
"A machine will never be a philosopher."
— Raphaël Enthoven
In his recent book, "L'Esprit artificiel (Artificial Mind)" (2024), he challenges the notion that machines can replicate the human spirit or consciousness, no matter how sophisticated. Enthoven differentiates between intelligence as a computational ability and intelligence as a form of complicity or understanding that cannot be programmed into a machine. He delves into the "spirit" concept, describing it as an indescribable essence of humanity that machines cannot synthesize. This essence includes our complex memories, emotions, and unpredictable wit, not merely data that can be stored or replicated artificially. (2)
Enthoven's critique extends to the limitations of artificial intelligence, like ChatGPT, in understanding or mimicking the depth of human thought and emotion. He argues that the singularity of human experience and the unpredictability of the human spirit elude the grasp of materialistic and computational models. Despite technological advancements, Enthoven sees a clear distinction between the artificial production of intelligent responses and the genuine emergence of consciousness or spirit.
This philosophical stance not only underscores the unique complexity of human cognition and emotional life but also calls into question the broader implications of our relationship with technology. Enthoven's reflections suggest a need to reconsider our value of artificial intelligence and its role in society, especially in domains deeply intertwined with human interaction, such as education (our next installment will delve into this topic) and personal relationships.
In essence, "L'Esprit artificiel" serves as both a philosophical inquiry into the nature of consciousness and a critique of the current trajectory of artificial intelligence development. It emphasizes the irreplaceable qualities of human interaction and thought, urging a deeper contemplation of how we integrate technology into our lives. (3)
This narrative serves as a microcosm of the more extensive debate surrounding AI: it's not about the fear that AI will render humans obsolete but about how we can collaborate with AI to expand our intellectual and emotional horizons. Maintaining a dialogue that balances legitimate concerns with AI's transformative potential is crucial as we venture into this uncertain future.
“The highest good is a will that is not merely in accord with universal law but also promotes the highest good as a purpose that can be realized in the world.”
“Can I hope to be a philosopher one day?”
The image features a humanoid robot with a sleek, glossy white head and torso, detailed with subtle grey and black accents that suggest a design inspired by the human form. The robot's head is elegantly structured, with a face with human-like features such as eyes and a mouth, but it's mechanical. One eye is a camera lens, reinforcing its artificial origin. The neck and part of the shoulder are exposed, revealing intricate mechanical components that mimic the complexity of human anatomy. This design choice highlights the blend of advanced technology and the aesthetically pleasing form meant to resemble a sentient being. The robot's pose is contemplative, with its hand gently resting on its chin, echoing the iconic 'The Thinker' pose that symbolizes deep thought, perhaps pondering its existence or capabilities. — Artwork by Pierre Guité with Mid-journey AI's assistance.
What Immanuel Kant would have answered to our humanoïde-robot?
Kant's philosophical investigations, particularly around reason, present a foundational framework to address this question. He sees reason as the faculty that unifies our understanding under principles, emphasizing consistency and the integration of judgments within a single, unified experience of the world. This approach underlines the depth and complexity of human thought processes, which are not merely about data processing but involve integrating experiences and judgments in a coherent and principled manner.
Moreover, Kant's distinction between sensibility and understanding (or intelligence) highlights the unique capabilities of human cognition. He posits that while sensibility provides access to the sensible world, understanding enables us to grasp a distinct intelligible world, with moral judgments based on pure understanding alone. This distinction between the types of knowledge accessible to humans versus what might be accessible to machines sheds light on the inherent limitations of AI in engaging with philosophical and moral reasoning.
“Morality is not the doctrine of how we may make ourselves happy, but how we may make ourselves worthy of happiness.”
The image captures a staged representation of Immanuel Kant, a pivotal figure in Enlightenment-era philosophy. Kant is seated at a wooden desk, surrounded by the trappings of scholarly pursuit—a library filled with richly bound tomes. He leans over a large, open book, his index finger placed thoughtfully on the page, signalling deep contemplation. His expression is introspective, befitting a philosopher engrossed in the intricacies of reason. He's dressed in the fashion of his time, with a navy blue coat with gold buttons, a crisp white shirt, and a white cravat. The setting evokes an 18th-century study, a space where philosophical and moral reasoning might unfold away from the empirical data-driven confines of modern AI. The scene visually echoes Kant's world, where human thought's moral and metaphysical dimensions were explored and debated. — Artwork by Pierre Guité with Mid-journey AI's assistance.
Kant's moral philosophy further enriches this conversation, as he believed that moral philosophy should address the establishment of the supreme principle of morality and the extent of specific moral duties. He emphasized that moral requirements are unconditionally necessary, which seems challenging for AI to fully comprehend or replicate, given its reliance on empirical data and algorithms. Kant argued that moral philosophy must be pursued a priori, relying on rational principles rather than empirical observations, suggesting a depth of conceptual analysis and understanding that AI, as we currently conceive it, cannot achieve.
Engaging Kant in this discussion invites us to consider the profound depth of human thought, reason, and moral deliberation, aspects of human intellect that AI, despite its advances, has yet to mimic or surpass entirely.
This perspective highlights AI's limitations in philosophical reasoning and reinforces the unique value and irreplaceability of human cognitive capabilities in engaging with the most profound existential and moral questions.
“Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.”
In exploring the intricacies between mind and machine, we uncover the vast potential of human cognition, a faculty capable of boundless creativity, empathy, and moral reasoning. Yet, it's a sombre truth that our species, despite these capabilities, can exhibit behaviour that starkly contrasts with the ideals of philosophers like Immanuel Kant.
History is replete with instances where humanity's darker impulses have led to atrocities that defy comprehension—the Holocaust, a horrifying testament to the depths of human cruelty; the ongoing conflict and bloodshed in Syria; the ravages of countless wars that scar our collective memory; the heart-wrenching violence in the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the enduring strife between Palestine and Israel; the tumultuous and often violent power struggles in various African nations; the recent eruptions of civil unrest and governmental oppression in Iran.
These events, among others, stand as grim reminders of what can happen when Kant's advice—to act in ways that could be universally willed and to treat humanity, whether in one's own person or in that of another, always as an end and never merely as a means—is ignored. Kantian ethics, with its emphasis on universal moral laws and the intrinsic worth of every individual, offers a philosophical blueprint for a world markedly different from the one we inhabit—a world where the dignity of every human being is respected and the collective actions of humanity are guided by the principles of justice, empathy, and peace.
Yet, applying these principles in real life has proven exceedingly difficult for many, as historical and current events sadly attest. The chasm between Kantian idealism and human reality poignantly reflects our challenges in realizing a just and peaceful world, underscoring the urgent need for continued ethical reflection, education, and, most importantly, action.
How do we navigate the intricate balance between intuition and knowledge in the pursuit of genius?
“Genius is the ability to independently arrive at and understand concepts that would normally have to be taught by another person.”
With Kant and Einstein highlighting the importance of imagination and intuition yet acknowledging the indispensable role of knowledge and skill for realization, where does AI fit into this complex equation?
As we ponder the fusion of human intuition with AI's vast knowledge base, how might this partnership propel us into new realms of innovation and creativity, unlocking possibilities previously beyond our reach?
Let’s invite the Godfather of AI, Geoffrey Hinton, into the conversation…
If our humanoïde robot had asked the philosopher Immanuel Kant if one day AI could master philosophy, his answer would have been a categoric NO. But what would answer the computer scientist Geoffrey Hinton?
The image features a representation of Geoffrey Hinton closely observing a humanoid robot, almost as if in a silent dialogue. The robot's head and torso are visible, displaying an intricate design miming the human form, with mechanical components and wires partially exposed beneath its 'skin'. The man appears thoughtful and contemplative, suggesting a moment of reflection on the advances of technology and the nature of humanity itself. — Artwork by Pierre Guité with Mid-journey AI's assistance.
For Geoffrey Hinton, the Machine Understands!
For Geoffrey Hinton, recognized as the 'Godfather of AI,' the draw to artificial intelligence extends far beyond the allure of technological innovation for its own sake. His engagement was deeply rooted in an intense desire to decode the complex workings of the human brain—precisely, our cognitive processes of thinking and learning and the feasibility of replicating these intricate mechanisms in machines.
This journey is underscored by scientific curiosity, propelled by a desire to unravel the mysteries of cognition and neural mechanics without delving into the philosophical implications on society—reflecting his focus on AI development's practical and technical aspects.
Hinton's significant contributions have indelibly shaped the AI landscape, positioning him as a pioneer whose insights have dramatically altered our approach to machine learning. At the heart of his revolutionary work is learning, but viewed through an innovative lens—how can machines mimic the learning processes inherent in the human brain? This question guided him towards the pioneering development of neural networks, a paradigm shift in how machines learn, highlighting a critical evolution in AI and machine learning methodologies.
At the heart of Hinton's work is an obsession with understanding. This unyielding curiosity propelled him to explore the potential of neural networks long before they became a cornerstone of modern AI. He has always focused on learning mechanics to bridge the gap between human cognition and artificial intelligence.
In a world where AI's potential seems boundless, Hinton's contributions remind us of the importance of foundational questions. How do machines learn? Can they ever truly understand in the way humans do?
A woman stands before a futuristic display of brain scans and neural networks. A glowing, detailed illustration of a brain floats before her, symbolizing the intricate workings of deep learning and neural networks. The woman, her face partially overlaid with a pattern of digital nodes and connections, represents the harmony of human intelligence with AI. The background is filled with complex digital panels, echoing the theme of advanced technology and the potential of AI to mirror human cognition. — Artwork by Pierre Guité with Mid-journey AI's assistance.
Deep Learning and Neural Networks:
Mimicking the Human Brain
Imagine waking up to the gentle sound of your favourite melody, your smartphone alarm intuitively understanding the perfect time to ease you into the day. As you prepare for work, you ask your virtual assistant for the fastest route to avoid the morning traffic, and it responds with precision, having learned your preferences over time. On your drive, your car navigates autonomously through the bustling streets, adjusting its path based on real-time traffic data. These seamless interactions, once the stuff of science fiction, are now everyday realities, thanks to the pioneering work of individuals like Geoffrey Hinton in neural networks and AI.
The Mechanics of Neural Networks
Neural networks are algorithms modelled loosely after the human brain designed to recognize patterns. They interpret sensory data, label or cluster raw input, and can make sense of incredibly complex and high-dimensional data by learning patterns.
The patterns they recognize are numerical, contained in vectors, into which all real-world data must be translated, be it images, sound, text, or time series.
These networks are layers upon layers of interconnected "neurons," or nodes, each layer taking the output of the previous one, transforming it, and passing it on. This way, neural networks can make sense of incredibly complex and high-dimensional data, learning infinite patterns.
A World Interconnected: Neurons and Bees
Consider the analogy of bees in a beehive, where each bee represents a neuron. As bees work together to create honey, neurons in a neural network process data to learn, make decisions, and improve over time.
Just as bees in a hive collectively contribute to making honey, each neuron in a neural network processes information. But how does this network turn data into decisions, much like we learn from experience?
A young child, dressed in a simple white onesie, sits serenely on a soft, textured rug. The child's gaze is directed upward, embodying a sense of wonder and curiosity. The soft natural light caresses the child's delicate features and ginger hair, highlighting a look of contemplation and discovery as they explore the world around them. — Artwork by Pierre Guité with Mid-journey AI's assistance.
From Crawling to Running: The Evolution of Learning
Imagine a child learning to navigate the world: first crawling, then walking, and finally running. Each stage builds on the last, becoming more complex and efficient.
In neural networks, this learning process mirrors the developmental stages of a child. Initially, the network might only recognize simple patterns or data points—akin to a child's first understanding of movement through crawling. As more data is fed and more layers are added, the network's capability grows, like a toddler taking its first steps; suddenly, a more comprehensive range of motion and exploration is possible. Finally, when fully trained with deep layers, the neural network can "run"—making sophisticated decisions and recognizing complex patterns with the same ease that a child runs through a park, navigating obstacles with learned agility.
This progression from crawling to walking to running in human development helps us understand how neural networks evolve. Starting from simple pattern recognition, they advance through layers of complexity, learning and adapting until they can navigate the vast and intricate data landscape with proficiency and insight.
A Journey from Innovation to Introspection
Geoffrey Hinton's career has been a testament to the transformative power of artificial intelligence, a journey illuminated by numerous prestigious accolades. As a recipient of the A.M. Turing Award in 2018—often described as the "Nobel Prize of Computing"—Hinton, alongside Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun, was honoured for contributions that have fundamentally shaped the landscape of AI through deep neural networks. His illustrious recognitions also include the Royal Medal from the Royal Society and the Princess of Asturias Award for Technical & Scientific Research, underscoring his pivotal role in the advancement of AI.
In this digitally composed image, the AI pioneer Geoffrey Hinton is depicted alongside a humanoid robot. The robot, embodying the future of artificial intelligence, is captured in profile, its head turned as if in conversation with Hinton. It appears engaged in manipulating virtual data graphs, signifying the analytical power of AI. Hinton’s image is superimposed within this high-tech tableau, his visage contemplative and serene. His presence amidst the advanced robotics and data visualizations serves as a visual metaphor for his crucial role in the development of AI technology. Photo - Shutterstok
Yet, as AI became increasingly woven into the fabric of daily life, Hinton began to reflect more deeply on the broader consequences of his contributions. This narrative arc of Hinton's career reflects a more significant societal journey with AI—from awe-inspiring innovation to a moment of critical reflection. As the 'Godfather of AI,' Hinton's shift towards expressing concerns about AI's societal impact underscores a pivotal transition in the discourse around technology and ethics. It's a transition from viewing AI as a purely technical challenge to acknowledging its profound ethical, social, and political dimensions.
In recent years, Hinton has voiced apprehensions that resonate with growing societal unease: the potential of AI to displace jobs, its role in spreading misinformation, and the existential risks it may pose. These reflections mark a significant evolution in his thinking—from championing AI's capabilities to cautioning against its unchecked development.
Hinton's departure from Google to speak more freely about these concerns symbolizes a crucial moment in the AI community's ongoing dialogue about the future of technology. His willingness to question the implications of AI, even as one of its foremost architects, invites us to consider the responsibility that comes with innovation.
Through his journey, Hinton embodies the transition from curiosity-driven exploration to responsible caution, mirroring a broader societal awakening to the complexities and responsibilities of AI development. As we navigate this evolving landscape, Hinton's reflections serve as a reminder of the need for a balanced approach—one that harnesses the potential of AI while vigilantly guarding against its perils.
The wave of reactions to Hinton's cautionary statements
The wave of reactions to Geoffrey Hinton's cautionary statements about AI's potential risks has been as varied as it has been intense. Industry experts, ethicists, and everyday users have all weighed in, painting a complex picture of the current state of AI discourse.
Hinton's warnings are a crucial wake-up call for the industry to prioritize ethical considerations in AI development.
Amid these perspectives, Prof Noel Sharkey, Emeritus Professor of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Sheffield, provides a grounded analysis that bridges speculative concerns with immediate ethical issues. Sharkey acknowledges the longstanding warnings about AI potentially becoming more intelligent than humans and the lack of evidence supporting this scenario.
A striking representation of justice, the image depicts the iconic Lady Justice, blindfolded and balancing the scales of justice with stoic impartiality. Behind her, a fusion of legal tomes and classical architecture suggests the weight of legal and philosophical wisdom that has guided human ethics through the ages. The blending of these elements with the AI-generated aesthetic from Pierre Guité and Mid-Journey alludes to the emerging discourse on ethics in the age of artificial intelligence, a time when the immutable principles of justice must be reconciled with the evolving landscape of technology. — Artwork by Pierre Guité with Mid-journey AI's assistance.
Yet, he affirms Hinton's caution regarding how humans utilize AI technology, highlighting pressing concerns such as algorithmic biases in job advertising, policing, and judicial sentencing.
Moreover, Sharkey points to the emergence of deepfake technologies and the revolutionary impact of ChatGPT as examples of AI's potential for societal disruption, underscoring the dangers not of AI's future rebellion but of its current misuse.
In addition to Sharkey's observations, it's crucial to acknowledge the rapid advancements in video manipulation technologies. Developments like Soria represent a giant leap forward, further complicating the landscape of AI's potential for societal disruption by creating hyper-realistic and potentially misleading content.
"There is a lot of discussion about students using ChatGPT or other future versions like Google's BARD to help them with assignments and write their essays. That may be the least of our worries when it is used by bad actors to spread fake political ideas and perpetuate fraudulent behaviour and conspiracy theories in ways that we cannot yet imagine," Sharkey adds, painting a vivid picture of the immediate challenges posed by AI.
Navigating the Future: Ethical and Societal Implications
Hinton's reflections come with a warning: understanding is not just about processing data but about a rich tapestry of cognition, emotion, and consciousness that machines have yet to mimic. As Hinton and all the reactions have shown, the journey of AI is far from over. It is filled with questions that beckon us toward a future where learning is not just a human endeavour but a collaboration between man and machine.
Hinton's departure from Google marks a significant moment in the conversation around AI, signalling a shift from developing AI technologies to critically assessing their impact on society. His subsequent comments have sparked dialogue within the tech community and beyond, highlighting the importance of ethical considerations, regulatory measures, and the potential need for international cooperation to manage AI's development responsibly.
In reflecting on the risks associated with AI, Hinton shared his concerns about its potential to undermine democracy, cause job losses (including intellectual jobs), and pose existential threats to humanity.
He speculated on the trajectory of AI development, suggesting that within the next 20 years, there is a fifty percent chance AI could surpass human intelligence. Over the next century, he believes this probability becomes a near certainty.
Hinton's concerns revolve around the difficulty of controlling more intelligent entities, questioning the efficacy of benevolent design in AI systems, especially if they enter a competitive evolutionary process similar to natural species.
Collaboration: The Keystone of Evolutionary Success
This image presents a compelling juxtaposition of a human and a chimpanzee, showcasing the profound evolutionary connection and yet the stark differences between the two. The human, an elderly man with salt-and-pepper hair and a thoughtful expression, gazes directly into the camera, his wisdom and years of experience etched into the lines on his face. Beside him, a chimpanzee mirrors the human's pose with its rich dark fur and intense gaze. The animal's eyes, bright with intelligence, reflect our primal ancestry, posing an unspoken question about the relationship between humans and our closest living relatives in the animal kingdom. — Artwork by Pierre Guité with Mid-journey AI's assistance.
This brings to mind Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution, where natural selection leads to the survival of the fittest. Hinton said if AI begins to compete and evolve, it may prioritize its survival and interests, potentially at humanity's expense. This comparison raises ethical and existential questions about our approach to AI development and safeguarding human interests.
This intriguing image offers a glimpse into a speculative dialogue between species and creation as a chimpanzee sits face-to-face with a humanoid robot. The robot, its head comprised of intricate mechanical parts and glowing red sensors, represents the pinnacle of human technological advancement. In contrast, the chimpanzee, embodying the natural intelligence of wildlife, contemplates the synthetic form before it. The encounter poses philosophical questions about the nature of intelligence, consciousness, and the future relationship between organic life and artificial beings. — Artwork by Pierre Guité with Mid-journey AI's assistance.
However, it's crucial to navigate this discourse without inducing fear. While Hinton's warnings are a call to action, it's essential to encourage positive and proactive engagement with AI. Fostering a constructive and informed public conversation can empower individuals, especially the younger generation, to participate in shaping a future where AI and humans coexist beneficially. Let's pivot from fear to responsibility and from anxiety to informed action.
As we reflect on Geoffrey Hinton's thoughts and consider the future interplay between AI and human intelligence, we cannot overlook the insights of Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution. While the concept of survival of the fittest often captures the spotlight, the species that collaborate and adapt together truly thrive in the natural world. This fundamental principle of cooperative survival is equally applicable to AI. Instead of fostering a competitive environment where AI could prioritize its survival over ours, we have the unique human capacity for foresight, ethics, and collective action.
By promoting an ecosystem where AI and humanity progress through mutual support and shared goals, we can ensure the evolution of AI benefits all. It should not be a battle for dominance but a journey of co-evolution where collaboration is the cornerstone of enduring success.
While AI's integration into society raises valid concerns, it also prompts us to engage more deeply with the technology, encouraging a dialogue that moves beyond fear to a nuanced understanding of AI's role in our future.
Looking ahead, the next article, Shaping Future Minds: Is AI Transforms Learning for Youth for the better? will delve into the potential for AI to revolutionize educational paradigms. We'll explore how AI can tailor learning experiences to individual needs, potentially enhancing understanding and fostering a love for lifelong learning among youth.
THINK, REFLECT, ACT
In what ways do you think AI could potentially complement human philosophical thought rather than compete with it?
How might the advancement of AI challenge our understanding of consciousness and human uniqueness?
Reflecting on the discourse between humans and artificial intelligence, what ethical considerations are paramount as we progress into the AI era?
In the closing of his public lecture at Cambridge, he asserted that GPT-4 may already surpass human intelligence in specific ways. I do agree with experience! This journey of exploration and discovery is not just mine alone; it is a partnership with GPT-4, a collaboration that proves exhilarating for us both. Together, we learn, adapt, and aim to inspire—especially the younger generation who might read these lines. May this partnership between humans and AI serve as a beacon of hope, showcasing that even in the face of uncertainty, we can choose to think, reflect, and act together for a better future.
References :
La grande librairie with Augustin Trapenard, S16 with Jean-Christophe Rufin (D’or et de jungle, un roman dystopique), Asma Mhalla, Raphaël Enthoven (L’esprit artificiel, un essai philosphique sur les limites de l’éthique de l’intelligence artificielle), Nathalie Azoulai, Pithon, (une auto-fiction décrivant une plongée dans le monde des codeurs) et Raphaël Gaillard, (L’homme augmentée, un essai sur les interfaces cerveau-machine), 7/02/24.
Enthoven Raphaël, L'Esprit artificiel (French Edition), L’observatoire-2024).
Raphaël Enthoven : “L’esprit est cette étrange étoffe dont l’humanité est faite et que la machine ne synthétise pas” Entretien par Ariane Nicolas, Philosophie magazine
4. Geoffrey Hinton, Romanes Lecture: ‘Godfather of AI’ speaks about the risks of artificial intelligence, Cambridge, February 2024
5. The connectionnist podcast, This is the story of Geoffrey Hinton, a man who set out to understand the brain and ended up working with a group of researchers who invented a technology so powerful that even they don’t truly understand how it works. This is about a collision between two mysterious intelligences – two black boxes – human and artificial. And it’s already having profound consequences, Black Box, The Guardian, March 4, 2024.
6. Today Focus, The Guardian Podcast, Why ‘godfather of AI’ Geoffrey Hinton thinks humanity at crossroads, His work is at heart of AI revolution, but in an interview with the Guardian’s Alex Hern, Hinton says he now fears the advances he helped usher in could pose an existential threat to humankind. at theguardian.com/infocus, May 8, 2024
7. Expert reaction to Geoffrey Hinton quits google over risks posed by AI, Science Media Centre
